This is not a human universal. Continental Civil Law systems (France, Germany) criminalize failure to rescue—you can face imprisonment for not helping when you could do so without risk. Islamic law’s Fard Kifaya creates communal duty: if no one rescues the drowning, the entire community is considered sinful. These traditions recognize that the bystander is not merely an observer but a citizen with affirmative duties.
Interesting article. I would be interested in the counter arguments.
The article seems to capture that to some degree:
Interesting article. I would be interested in the counter arguments.